Archive for ◊ June, 2010 ◊

Let’s all be thankful for Viagra
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• Wednesday, June 30th, 2010

It’s never a happy thought, but we are all getting older. Those of us boomers are into our sixties now with the rest of the pack starting to catch up. This is the time when things really start going wrong with our bodies. Most of us have been lucky up to now. But despite the best efforts of medical science, there’s no pill to slow down the years. Worse, the most likely first symptom of age is going to be erectile dysfunction. All those high cholesterol meals we crammed away will come back to bite us as layers of platelets build up on the walls of our blood vessels. Some call this arteriosclerosis, others artherosclerosis. Whichever name, the result is the same. The muscles in the walls of the arteries needed to dilate start to fail. Without the dilation, there can be no erection. It’s an unhappy thought, but loss of sexual power can be the first symptom of a lifestyle with too much fat and too little exercise. When someone invents a time machine, we can go back and give ourselves good advice. Until then, we have to make the best of our golden years.

Curiously, the world is growing old with us. When we were young and living through the fifties, the television was a novelty. Replacing the radio and its world of advertiser-sponsored programs came the future with moving images and all the new ads. They were simple sales pitches, very naive by modern standards. But they got the message across. And what were those messages? Well, for the most part, housewives were told what food to put on our plates, what drinks to offer us. Then came the things to make the household run smoothly and the latest model vehicle to get us from A to B. In between were sometimes disturbing news reports which grew worse as we came into the sixties and the Russians took over Cuba as a missile base on our doorstep. In some senses, it’s actually more relaxing to have the modern coverage of world events. For the most part, our media have forgotten the need to tell us what’s happening outside our shores. It’s more important to package our local politics as the news and give us the messages most important to those controlling the content. The ads have changed as well. The networks have decided the silver-haired crowd has the buying power. We boomers hold what’s left of the purse strings. So we need to know about the adhesive to keep our dentures in place, heat wraps to keep the arthritis pain under control and the latest pills to keep Alzheimer’s away. Oh, and the pills to keep our sex lives going.

Living through the last sixty and more years has been living through a cultural revolution. Who would have thought we would see erectile dysfunction openly discussed on TV with viagra available to treat it. It’s something no-one could have predicted in the buttoned-down fifties when Bob Newhart could so innocently poke fun at the police with a sketch about a nude line-up to identify a flasher. The only thing that we can rely on now is viagra. That gets a rise out of everything still important to us.

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Every Hour in Front of The TV Raises Risk of Heart Disease
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• Saturday, June 26th, 2010

Watching too much TV can be deadly even for the healthy, claim researchers. Every hour in front of the box pushes up the risk of dying from heart disease by 7 per cent, according to a study.

Those looking at their favorite programmers for four hours a day – the UK average – face a 28 per cent rise in the risk. The study from the Medical Research Council says changes in lifestyle could stem the toll from heart disease which causes 193,000 deaths a year and is responsible for a third of the UK’s deaths.

For almost a decade, researchers from the MRC Epidemiology Unit studied 13,197 middle-aged, healthy men and women in Norfolk.

In that time 373 of the participants died from heart disease, according to the findings published today in the International Journal of Epidemiology.

It was found that the amount of time spent watching television was a significant marker of the likelihood of death from heart disease.

Scientists estimated that 8 per cent of the deaths might have been avoided if TV viewing times had been reduced from the UK average of four hours a day to just one hour. That would have saved 30 lives.

Study co-author Dr Katrien Wijndaele warned: ‘Our bodies are not designed to sit for long periods and we should be aware that, as we put in the TV hours watching the World Cup, our risk of heart disease is probably increasing.’

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Personality Predicted by Size of Different Brain Regions
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• Friday, June 25th, 2010

In a social situation, it’s easy to tell the difference between a wallflower and the life of the party, but a new study suggests we can also spot differences in their brains.

The results show the size of certain brain regions is related to people’s personalities. For instance, highly altruistic people had a bigger posterior cingulated cortex, a brain region thought to be involved in the understanding of others’ beliefs. Bigger regions are assumed to be more powerful.

“One of the things that this shows is we can start to develop theories about how personality is produced by the brain,” said study researcher Colin DeYoung, of the University of Minnesota.

While people’s personalities are likely shaped by both genetic and environmental factors, the findings might help explain the differences in people’s actions and demeanors from moment to moment, he said, or “what produces the patterns of behavior and emotion and thought that we describe as personality.”

The big five

There are many ways to describe someone’s character — from talkative to anxious to hardworking and organized. Psychologists have found that many traits often go together and have grouped these traits into five overarching categories — extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness/intellect.

Psychologists can get a pretty good picture of someone’s personality by determining to what degree they express each of these traits.

Scientists have only recently begun to link up personality research with neuroscience to try to figure out the underlying brain mechanisms responsible for personality differences.

DeYoung and his colleagues imaged the brains of 116 participants who had previously completed a questionnaire designed to assess their personality in terms of the “big five.”

Next, they matched up all the brain images. Since everyone’s brain is different, the images won’t line up perfectly right off the bat. So the researchers picked one image — from a participant who scored about average for all five traits — to serve as a “reference brain.”

A computer program was then used to squish and stretch the images so that they all lined up with the reference brain. This allowed the researchers to compare all the subjects’ brains, and see how large or small certain brain regions were relative to one another.

Personality in the brain

A connection between brain region size and personality was found for four out of the five traits (all except openness/intellect).

Those who scored high on neuroticism — which indicates a tendency to experience negative emotions, including anxiety and self-consciousness — was associated with a larger mid-cingulate cortex, a region thought to be involved in the detection of errors and response to emotional and physical pain. Neurotics also had a smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in the regulation of emotions.

Extroverts, those who are sociable, outgoing and assertive, had a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex, a region involved in processing rewards. This goes along with the idea that extroverts are sensitive to rewards, which in our society often involve social interactions and status.

Conscientious people, who tend to be orderly, industrious and self-disciplined, had a larger middle frontal gyrus, a region involved in memory and planning.

The researchers note however, that a bigger brain region does not necessarily mean the region has better functioning, although extensive evidence supports this assumption.

The results do not indicate, that people are doomed to embody one personality or another for their whole lives. Though it’s not necessarily easy, personalities can, and do change.

“Our experience can change the brain,” DeYoung said. “And as the brain changes, personality can change,” he said.

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Electric shocks produce better results than Viagra
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• Wednesday, June 23rd, 2010

The Victorians were right up with the trend started in Ancient Greece where arthritis was treated by the application of electricity – the Greeks used the Torpedo fish to deliver the shocks. Electrotherapy became the most popular form of treatment being used somewhat indiscriminately by both the medical profession and “quacks” to cure more or less any ailment. But its popularity was its downfall. Just as the indiscriminate use of steroids in the 20th Century was slowly recognized as harming more people than it cured, the power of electricity to heal was slowly seen as non-existent in most cases. The only real exception was in the mental health field where electricity was used as a therapy to treat depressive disorders that had not responded to any other forms of treatment. However, flying somewhat under the radar was a more interesting use of electricity – as an aversion therapy where shocks were administered to discourage people from finding pleasure in different activities. It became moderately popular among families as a treatment for alcoholism and drug addiction, but it attracted extreme controversy when used to treat homosexuality and other aspects of sexual behavior. On ethical and legal grounds, the use of electricity in an attempt to change human sexuality is banned in most countries.

It therefore comes as something of a surprise to see research from the Rambam Medical Center in Haifa. The clinical trial applied electric shocks to the penis, testicles and groin area generally as a treatment for erectile dysfunction. The results are claimed to show a high success rate, matching or exceeding the results achieved by taking pills of different colors, shapes and sizes. Unlike those who specialize in the use of electricity as torture, this team administered very low energy shock waves. Something the men were no doubt grateful for. So, after regular treatment with three hundred mini-shocks being applied within a three minute window, most of the men demonstrated a rapid rise to a hard erection the moment anyone approached them with electrodes or a cattle prod in hand. None of the participants complained of pain – either they were enjoying the experience or were frightened the voltage would be cranked up in the next session.

The claimed scientific effect of these shocks is to either stimulate the growth of new blood vessels or to encourage tired old blood vessels back into life. This has a significant advantage over the use of drugs. If new blood vessels are formed or the hardening of old vessels is reversed, this would represent a “cure”. All the drugs can do is produce a temporary dilation of the relevant arteries. They do not cure the underlying condition.

Ignoring the potential humor of threatening to attach electrodes to your gonads as a medical treatment, the skeptical Victorians were right. There never has been any convincing scientific evidence to show electricity is or can be an effective treatment for any condition. Which leaves the vast majority of men back where they started. Viagra is the best treatment for erectile dysfunction. No matter what the claims of the Israeli team to produce a long-term cure, the experience of taking one viagra gives more than enough time to enjoy a length period of sexual activity. To repeat the activity, take another pill. Anyone else should go to their local BDSM club.

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Why Kids Need Water
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• Wednesday, June 23rd, 2010

To stay healthy and energetic, your child’s body needs plenty of healthy fluids every day. Water is a perfect choice, since it hydrates without adding unnecessary calories. Our bodies use it regulate temperature, eliminate waste, and cushion our spinal cord and joints. Milk and juice offer benefits, too, as a source of both fluids and essential nutrients such as calcium and vitamin C.

How Much Liquid Do Kids Need?

You’ve probably heard the oft-repeated advice that you should drink 8 cups of water every day. Does the same rule apply to children? Yes and no. According to the Institute of Medicine (a division of the National Academy of Sciences, charged with advising the nation on health topics), most adults get all the liquids they need every day just by eating and drinking normally–with meals, and when they are thirsty. Any beverages, including caffeinated ones, count toward the daily fluid intake your body needs (which is closer to 10 cups than 8, by the way), and food, especially fruits and vegetables, contains water too.

Kids under 8 years old need a little less fluid than adults, but the advice is the same—they should drink healthy beverages with meals, plus sip water any time they are thirsty. Of course, if they are playing or exercising vigorously, or if it’s very hot outside, they’ll need more liquids to make up for what their bodies are losing to perspiration.

What Should Kids Drink?

  • Water: Straight from the tap is fine (bottled isn’t necessary) but your child may drink more if it’s chilled, and/or if she has a special cup, bottle, or canteen for her H2O.
  • Milk: Make it low- or non-fat (for kids 2 and up; littler ones need the fat for brain development). Serve two cups a day for kids 8 and under, three cups for older children and teens. Kids need the calcium and vitamin D in dairy products, so if your child doesn’t like milk, try flavoring it, or find other sources of these nutrients.
  • Juice: Limit to 4-6 ounces a day for kids 6 and under (that’s ½ to ¾ of a cup). Older kids and teens can have 8-12 ounces a day. 100 percent fruit juice is best—check the label. Fruit drinks, punches, and ades may have added sugars (and calories). That 100% fruit juice does count as one of your child’s servings of fruit for the day—but it doesn’t have the fiber that whole fruit does.
  • Sports drinks: Generally, avoid these since they add calories and sugar, but few nutrients, to your child’s diet. But if he’s exercising vigorously and prefers sports drinks to water, let him drink up—it’s more important that he stays hydrated. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends 4 to 6 ounces of fluid every 15 minutes for a 90-pound child while he’s exercising. The AAP also suggests weighing your child before and after he exercises so you can see how much fluid he lost—then you’ll know how much he needs to replace during future workouts.
  • Soda: Avoid. It’s nothing but empty calories.
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More reasons to keep the Viagra to hand
Author:
• Tuesday, June 22nd, 2010

For physicians, there’s a deeply frustrating quality about bacteria and viruses. There are so many of them and so many different ways in which they can make us ill, it’s impossible to know which one is responsible for any illness without detailed and often expensive tests. Even if the number of possible causes for an illness, disease or disorder can be narrowed down, it usually comes down to a guess. And even if the guess is right, there are sometimes no guaranteed treatments. It’s tough being a physician, having to deal with all the uncertainty when all a patient ever wants to hear is an assurance the cure is coming.

For many years, medical research teams have been trying to unravel the link between erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. It’s like being a detective following clues in the hope they will lead you to the killer. On the way, they noticed some similarities with the risk profile of men with rheumatism. There’s a proven cause and effect between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an acceleration in the onset of artherosclerosis. One of the first signs the arteries are hardening is erectile dysfunction. The arteries leading into the penis are small and among the first to be affected. It is also a sad medical fact that men with RA are twice as likely to have a heart attack as men without RA. An Irish team has now formally found evidence associating rheumatism with erectile dysfunction. This is the first time erectile dysfunction has been linked with a condition causing inflammation.

Before we all get too carried away with excitement at this new insight into erectile dysfunction, we need to be clear about the status of the research. This was an observational study. In other words, it took a small sample of men as they passed through a hospital clinic and interviewed them. The results are somewhat startling with a strong correlation being established between the rheumatism, erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, but there must be formal follow-up with a properly constructed research project to comply with the scientific method.

While we are waiting for the second stage of research, this leaves many men with rheumatism in pain and potentially suffering from erectile dysfunction. The treatment approach has to follow two strands. The first is the purely physical. The enjoyment of sex is complete when both parties can move around with reasonable flexibility. If one is in pain or something interferes with mobility, sex is less satisfying. The first step is therefore pain management and physical therapy to encourage movement in the joints. In this, the encouraging news from Boston is that the resumption of regular sexual activity releases endorphins into the body which relieves pain and improves the mood. The second strand deals with the quality of the erections. Here viagra is the proven treatment, giving the vast majority of men a better quality erection the first time the drug is taken. The second piece of good news from Boston is that the more often you have sex, the better the quality of the erections. Exercising the muscles improves performance. So once you have discussed safety with your doctor in combining drugs to control the inflammation and the pain, buy Viagra to restart sexual activity with full satisfaction.

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What makes the sound of vuvuzelas so annoying?
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• Tuesday, June 22nd, 2010

Love ‘em or loathe ‘em, the blaring plastic trumpets have become the hallmark of matches at the 2010 World Cup. We asked Trevor Cox, president of the UK Institute of Acoustics and an acoustic engineer at the University of Salford, UK, to explain their appeal – or otherwise

How do vuvuzelas make their sound?

The vuvuzela is like a straightened trumpet and is played by blowing a raspberry into the mouthpiece. The player’s lips open and close about 235 times a second, sending puffs of air down the tube, which excite resonance of the air in the conical bore. A single vuvuzela played by a decent trumpeter is reminiscent of a hunting horn – but the sound is less pleasing when played by the average football fan, as the note is imperfect and fluctuates in frequency. It sounds more like an elephant trumpeting. This happens because the player does not keep the airflow and motion of the lips consistent.

But that din sounds nothing like a trumpet or an elephant.

When hundreds of the vuvuzelas are played together, you get the distinctive droning sound. People in the crowd are blowing the instrument at different times and with slightly varying frequencies. The sound waxes and wanes. The overall effect is rather like the sound of a swarm of insectsMovie Camera.

Why are they so loud?

The loudness can be explained by the bore shape, which is roughly conical, and flares. As well as creating sound at a frequency of 235 hertz, the instrument generates harmonics – sound at multiples of the fundamental frequency. We have measured strong harmonics at 470, 700, 940, 1171, 1400 and 1630 hertz.

A flared instrument has louder higher-frequency harmonics than a cylindrical one. The flared instrument is perceived as louder because the higher harmonics are at frequencies where our hearing is most sensitive. This is partly why the conical saxophone sounds louder than the cylindrical clarinet.

Since it produces 116 decibels at 1 metre, prolonged exposure to the vuvuzela poses a risk to hearing, according to a study by the Department of Communication Pathology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Listen to just one instrument for 7 to 22 seconds and you exceed typical permitted levels for noise at work. A whole crowd produces even higher levels, and measurements at a training match have shown temporary hearing loss among spectators.

Is it annoying because it is loud?

Experiments on other noise sources show that louder sounds are more annoying. Our hearing is an early-warning system: we listen out for sudden changes in the sounds around us which might indicate threats, and ignore benign, persistent noise. When noise becomes as loud as a vuvuzela, however, it becomes impossible to habituate to the sound.

What else about the sound makes it annoying?

The droning quality makes it more annoying – the fact it has a distinct pitch or note. Investigations into many noise annoyance problems have demonstrated this. Indeed some noise standards and regulations have corrections to allow for the additional annoyance from such sound. Droning sounds are harder to ignore and more alerting than broadband noise such as the hiss of a badly tuned radio. This might be because tones can carry useful information in the vowel sounds of speech. But it might also relate to threat detection – because predator sounds like a lion’s roar has tonal components – but I’m speculating.

What can be done to make it less annoying, especially on TV and the radio?

Broadcasters have to balance how much crowd sound to use compared to the commentators’ voices. If they make the crowd too quiet then the game lacks atmosphere, so they can’t turn it off altogether. If you are watching the match on a computer, you could try this, from the Centre for Digital Music at Queen Mary University of London. Otherwise, you might just have to try and accept the sound as being part of the background. Lack of control over a noise source has been shown to increase its perceived annoyance. So your best bet might be to crack open another beer and try your best to enjoy the atmosphere.

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Ambien and coffee may have to work together
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• Tuesday, June 22nd, 2010

Even before the recession hit, people were being asked to work longer to help keep costs under control. When the economy decided to collapse, those who still had jobs were expected to pick up the slack generated by those unlucky enough to be terminated. This has seen people spending more time at work during the conventional day, or working complicated shift patterns. When you add in the commuting times and the need to have some kind of life outside the workplace, sleep has come under pressure. With more people getting less sleep, there have been falls in productivity and increases in the number of accidents. People deprived of sleep make more mistakes and lose their concentration when operating machinery. There are different suggestions for how to deal with these problems. Some believe a short nap improves performance. Others have yet another cup of coffee. A small percentage have been using stimulant drugs to keep themselves going. In its own right, it can be quite dangerous to take stimulants over a longer period of time.

This month sees the publication of another Cochrane meta-analysis. This time, it’s re-evaluating thirteen studies looking at the behavior of younger people in simulated conditions. The basic methodology is to disrupt their natural sleep patterns and then give them a series of different tasks to perform including simulations of driving and flying. Different groups are then allowed to take a nap, asked to work with different types of lighting in operation, or given a placebo, coffee or other drinks and substances suggested as effective boosts to performance. Overall, coffee has emerged as the most positive “intervention”. Except there are problems in drawing any firm real-world conclusions. How young people may react is not necessarily any guide to the way older workers might react when going through shift or other changes to sleeping times. More importantly, the methods used mainly tested mental alertness, i.e. how well participants could memorise, calculate and concentrate on different tasks. This is no guide as to what might happen to accident rates if the majority of workers operating machinery suddenly began to drink large amounts of coffee while on the job.

There’s no doubt that feeling sleepy and tired on the job reduces concentration, demotivates and leads to more mistakes being made. Given coffee’s power to boost alertness, this should be a benefit to the workplace. Except there’s ample research evidence of increasingly poor performance among young doctors who are forced to be on call for long periods of time. They do not find drinking coffee reduces their capacity for error. Nor is taking ambien or an equivalent sleeping pill the answer. If people are not getting enough sleep or their natural sleep patterns are being disrupted, taking a sleeping pill may actually make the problem worse. For example, a person who takes either the conventional tablet or ambien cr should be prepared to spend at least eight hours asleep. If only six hours is available, forcing wakefulness while the active chemical ingredients are still active in the bloodstream does not produce an alert person reporting for work. There always comes a point when people must be allowed to catch up on their sleep and restore a natural rhythm.

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Drinking Water and Sports Drinks
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• Monday, June 21st, 2010

Drinking and walking do go together – as long as the drink is water before, during and after your walk.

Hydration Guidelines for Walkers

  • Plain Water: For walks of an hour or less, plain water is the best drink.
  • Add Salt: When your walk is going to be longer than an hour, a sports drink or salty foods such as pretzels can help with water absorption in the body as well as replacement of salt and energy.
  • Drink Before You Walk: Prepare for your walk by drinking a tall glass of water (17 ounces or 500 mL) 2 hours before your walk. This will allow time for any extra to pass through you body before you hit the trail.
  • Caffeine: Avoid caffeinated beverages before your walk, they cause you to lose fluid, making you thirstier as well as making you take inconvenient stops along the way.
  • Salt Before a Long Walk: Before long walks, have a bit of extra salt with your meal or snack so you will have enough sodium to stay in balance.
  • Plan for More Water: Carry water with you or plan for water stops along the route where you will be able to get a full drink of a cup of water every 20 minutes. A water fountain may not be able to deliver enough water for you to get a full cup.
  • Drink When Thirsty: Older guidelines said to drink before you are thirsty, but new guidelines by USATF in 2003 for long distance runners and walkers say to use thirst as a guide and to drink when thirsty.
  • Drinking When Sweating: If you are sweating more than usual, drink more than usual.
  • High Altitude: You lose even more fluids at high altitudes, in heat and low humidity and need to drink more than usual. Again, let thirst be your guide and drink as soon as thirsty.
  • Flavor Your Water: Make your water taste good so you will want to drink more. Add a squirt of lemon and keep it cool.
  • Drinking After Your Walk: After your walk, end with another tall drink of water. After a long walk, do not overdo on plain water, use sports drink and/or salty foods to replenish salts as well
  • Walking Water Calculator: Find out how much water you should be taking along or drinking from fountains, etc.

Signs of Dehydration

  • nausea after exercise
  • dark yellow urine or no urine
  • dry, sticky mouth
  • dry eyes

Pure Clean Water

  • Tap water is perfectly fine for most purposes – in the US and Canada.
  • Some walkers prefer the taste of filtered or designer water. Be sure to clean and dry single-use bottles before refilling them.
  • Do not drink water from a lake or stream unless you filter or purify it. In many places there are nasty parasites such as Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium in the “unspoiled” mountain streams – because they are in the local squirrels and other animals.
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Drinking Water to Maintain Good Health
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• Sunday, June 20th, 2010

Drinking water is so important for good health. When you were a kid in school, you learned that each molecule of water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. You may also have learned that it was great fun to fill up your squirt guns with water, at least until the principal caught you. What you may not have learned, however, was how much water you needed in order to be a healthy human being.

Why You Need to Drink Water

Your body is estimated to be about 60 to 70 percent water. Blood is mostly water, and your muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Your body needs water to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients to travel to all your organs. Water also transports oxygen to your cells, removes waste, and protects your joints and organs.

Signs of Dehydration

You lose water through urination, respiration, and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you are sedentary. Diuretics such as caffeine pills and alcohol result in the need to drink more water because they trick your body into thinking you have more water than we need.

Symptoms of mild dehydration include chronic pains in joints and muscles,lower back pain, headaches and constipation. A strong odor to your urine, along with a yellow or amber color indicates that you may not be getting enough water. Note that riboflavin, a B Vitamin, will make your urine bright yellow. Thirst is an obvious sign of dehydration and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty.

How Much Water do You Need to Drink?

A good estimate is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces of water per day that you need to drink. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another eight ounce glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink alcohol, you should drink at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to drink eight ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. If you live in an arid climate, you should add another two servings per day. As you can see, your daily need for water can add up to quite a lot.

Twenty percent of your water need will come from the foods you eat. The rest of your water need should come from the beverages you drink. Water is the best choice. Sodas have a lot of sugar in them, so if you drink sodas, you may take in more calories than you need. Herbal teas that aren’t diuretic are fine. Sports drinks contain electrolytes and may be beneficial, just look out for added sugar and calories that you don’t need. Juices are good because they have vitamins and nutrients.

Caffeinated beverages will also add to your daily water need. Even though caffeine is a diuretic, if you regularly consume caffeine, your body will regulate itself to that diuretic effect.

Drink Enough Water

It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon or lime for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but watch for extra calories.

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